Outline

1. Introduction

2. Historical Background of the Conflict

3. Root Causes of the Palestine–Israel Conflict

   • Zionist movement and Balfour Declaration

   • British mandate and partition plan

   • Israeli occupation and settlement expansion

4. Recent Escalations and Gaza Crisis

5. Humanitarian Consequences

6. Role of International Community and United Nations

7. Geopolitical Interests of Global Powers

8. Pakistan’s Stance on the Palestine Issue

9. Failure of the Two-State Solution

10. Way Forward

11. Conclusion

Essay

Introduction

The Palestine–Israel conflict stands as one of the longest unresolved disputes in modern history, symbolizing the failure of international justice and collective conscience. Despite numerous United Nations resolutions and peace initiatives, the conflict continues to erupt in cycles of violence, particularly in Gaza, causing immense human suffering and regional instability. The persistent occupation of Palestinian territories, denial of basic human rights, and the selective application of international law have transformed the Palestine issue into a global moral, legal, and political challenge. Hence, the conflict remains a critical topic for contemporary international relations and competitive examinations.

Historical Background of the Conflict

The roots of the Palestine–Israel conflict can be traced back to the early 20th century, particularly the Balfour Declaration of 1917, in which Britain expressed support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Following World War I, Palestine came under British mandate, during which Jewish migration increased significantly. The situation deteriorated with the UN Partition Plan of 1947, proposing separate Jewish and Arab states. While accepted by Jewish leadership, it was rejected by Arabs, leading to the creation of Israel in 1948 and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, an event remembered as Nakba (Catastrophe).

Root Causes of the Palestine–Israel Conflict

The core causes of the conflict include territorial disputes, ideological differences, and prolonged occupation. Israel’s control over the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza since 1967 has intensified tensions. The continuous expansion of illegal Israeli settlements, restrictions on Palestinian movement, and denial of self-determination have deepened resentment. Furthermore, the lack of political will among global powers to enforce international law has perpetuated injustice.

Recent Escalations and Gaza Crisis

Recent years have witnessed severe escalations, especially in Gaza, where Israeli military operations have resulted in widespread destruction. Airstrikes, blockades, and ground operations have devastated civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, schools, and residential areas. The situation has been worsened by the blockade of Gaza, turning it into what many international observers describe as an open-air prison.

Humanitarian Consequences

The humanitarian impact of the conflict is catastrophic. Thousands of civilians, including women and children, have lost their lives, while millions face displacement, food insecurity, and lack of medical facilities. Violations of international humanitarian law, including collective punishment and disproportionate use of force, have raised serious concerns among human rights organizations. The ongoing crisis has created a generation traumatized by war and deprivation.

Role of International Community and United Nations

Despite passing numerous resolutions calling for Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and protection of Palestinian rights, the United Nations has failed to implement its decisions effectively. The use of veto power by influential states has rendered the UN largely ineffective. The inability of international institutions to hold violators accountable has undermined global trust in the rules-based international order.

Geopolitical Interests of Global Powers

The Palestine–Israel conflict is heavily influenced by geopolitical interests. The unconditional support of major powers for Israel, driven by strategic, political, and economic considerations, has tilted the balance. Meanwhile, Muslim countries remain divided, weakening collective pressure for a just resolution. This power politics has prolonged the conflict at the cost of Palestinian lives and regional peace.

Pakistan’s Stance on the Palestine Issue

Pakistan has consistently supported the Palestinian right to self-determination and condemned Israeli aggression. Pakistan advocates for an independent Palestinian state with Al-Quds Al-Sharif (Jerusalem) as its capital. The issue holds strong emotional and ideological significance for Pakistan, reflecting its commitment to justice, international law, and Muslim unity.

Failure of the Two-State Solution

The two-state solution, once considered the most viable path to peace, now appears increasingly unrealistic due to settlement expansion and territorial fragmentation. The absence of trust, political compromise, and sincere mediation has rendered peace talks ineffective. Without addressing the root causes, any peace initiative is bound to fail.

Way Forward

A sustainable solution requires:

• Immediate ceasefire and humanitarian access

• Enforcement of international law and UN resolutions

• End to illegal settlements and occupation

• Revival of meaningful peace negotiations

• Unified stance by the Muslim world and global civil society

Only a just and balanced approach can ensure lasting peace.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Palestine–Israel conflict is not merely a territorial dispute but a profound crisis of international conscience. The continued suffering of the Palestinian people exposes the double standards of global powers and the failure of international institutions. Without justice, accountability, and genuine commitment to peace, the conflict will persist, threatening regional and global stability. The world must move beyond rhetoric and take decisive action to uphold human rights and restore hope for a peaceful future.